Emergency: Arterial gas embolism is a life-threatening emergency. Call 911 immediately if symptoms develop. Do not delay emergency care for any reason.

Hyperbaric Oxygen for Air or Gas Embolism

Gas embolism is a medical emergency where bubbles block blood flow to vital organs. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT) is the primary treatment — not a supplement to another treatment. Time from symptom onset to pressurization is critical.

What Air or Gas Embolism Is

Gas bubbles enter the bloodstream and block circulation to the brain, heart, or other organs. The most dangerous type is arterial gas embolism (AGE), where bubbles reach arterial circulation.

AGE most commonly results from:

• Ascending too fast while scuba diving (lung barotrauma)
• Air entering IV lines during medical procedures
• Pulmonary barotrauma from mechanical ventilation
• Certain surgical procedures involving open vasculature

Symptoms come on suddenly: chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, stroke-like symptoms, or loss of consciousness. Don’t wait to see if symptoms improve. This is a true emergency and minutes matter.

Why HBOT Is the Primary Treatment

HBOT works through straightforward physics. At increased pressure (typically 2.8 ATA), a gas bubble compresses to roughly 35% of its original volume. A smaller bubble causes less blockage.

At the same time, breathing 100% oxygen does two things. It replaces nitrogen in the lungs, which drives nitrogen out of the bubbles faster. And it supersaturates the blood plasma with oxygen, keeping tissue alive while the bubble clears.

Treatment follows a structured protocol. The US Navy Treatment Table 6 (or equivalent) is the standard. It lasts approximately 4-5 hours. Treatment begins as soon as the patient is stabilized enough to enter the chamber. For decompression sickness, the same protocols apply, since the conditions share similar underlying mechanisms.

Connection to Decompression Sickness

Gas embolism and decompression sickness both involve gas bubbles in the body. They’re treated with identical hyperbaric protocols. If you’re unsure which condition is present after a diving accident, call Divers Alert Network (DAN) at 1-919-684-9111. They’ll direct you to the nearest hyperbaric emergency center.

You can also search the UHMS provider directory for the closest facility. But call 911 first and let emergency services coordinate the transfer.

Learn more about what HBOT is and how it works, or find a hyperbaric provider near you.

Frequently Asked Questions

How fast does HBOT work for gas embolism?

Improvement can begin during the first treatment session. Some patients require multiple sessions over 24-48 hours. The sooner treatment starts, the better the outcome tends to be.

Can gas embolism happen from medical procedures?

Yes. It’s a known complication of procedures involving the heart, lungs, or IV access. Hospitals with hyperbaric chambers are best positioned to treat it immediately if it occurs.

Is there any treatment other than HBOT for gas embolism?

HBOT is the definitive treatment. Supportive care (oxygen by mask, IV fluids, positioning) may be started while transport to a hyperbaric facility is arranged, but these are not substitutes for hyperbaric treatment.

Medical Disclaimer: This page is for informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before pursuing any medical treatment.